![[dr. bob]](/dr-bob-sm.gif)
Dr. Bob is Robert Hsiung, MD,
bob@dr-bob.orgShown: posts 1 to 24 of 24. This is the beginning of the thread.
Posted by Phillipa on January 20, 2008, at 12:38:15
Well this is neurotransmitters and isn't dopamine a neurotransmitter? If so I googled and wiki said dopamine doesn't cross the blood brain barrier and is a reward transmitter for parkinsons and other disorders. So what meds do affect dopamine if it doesn't get to the brain? Or did I misunderstand? Thanks trying to learn phillipa
Posted by tensor on January 20, 2008, at 13:40:01
In reply to Dopamine what meds increase it?, posted by Phillipa on January 20, 2008, at 12:38:15
> Well this is neurotransmitters and isn't dopamine a neurotransmitter? If so I googled and wiki said dopamine doesn't cross the blood brain barrier and is a reward transmitter for parkinsons and other disorders. So what meds do affect dopamine if it doesn't get to the brain? Or did I misunderstand? Thanks trying to learn phillipa
Dopamine agonists like Trivastal. Stimulants, Wellbutrin, and also Zoloft but very weakly. L-tyrosine, an amino acid is the presursor of L-dopa and dopamine.
/Mattias
Posted by tensor on January 20, 2008, at 13:51:01
In reply to Dopamine what meds increase it?, posted by Phillipa on January 20, 2008, at 12:38:15
Agonists does not actually increase dopamine but mimicks it.
Posted by ShawnThomas on January 20, 2008, at 18:41:44
In reply to Dopamine what meds increase it?, posted by Phillipa on January 20, 2008, at 12:38:15
Do you want to know what drugs can indirectly increase extracellular (i.e., outside of a nerve cell) levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine? Are you interested in FDA approved drugs or all known drugs?
You might also want to know about what drugs affect dopamine receptors. Drugs can act as agonists, partial agonists, inverse agonists, or antagonists at D1, D2, D3, D4, or D5 dopamine receptors. A comprehensive list of all the drugs with any of those effects would be very difficult to create and very long. If we limited it to FDA approved drugs, then it could be done much more easily. However, the list would not necessarily be accurate because of a lack of information, incorrect information, and various other obstacles.
Shawn
Posted by Phillipa on January 20, 2008, at 18:42:35
In reply to corr., posted by tensor on January 20, 2008, at 13:51:01
Tensor thanks how does an SSRI like zoloft fit in the category? Phillipa
Posted by tensor on January 21, 2008, at 0:28:37
In reply to Re: corr. » tensor, posted by Phillipa on January 20, 2008, at 18:42:35
> Tensor thanks how does an SSRI like zoloft fit in the category? Phillipa
By also acting as a weak reuptake inhibitor of dopamine, probably only seen at higher doses. There's a story about a guy that could tolerate doses of 400mg (if I recall correctly) of Zoloft and got high of it. Do not try this.
Posted by your#1fan on January 21, 2008, at 0:48:24
In reply to Re: corr. » Phillipa, posted by tensor on January 21, 2008, at 0:28:37
Could a dopamine agtantist help ADHD, in that motivatonal aspect?
Stimualants are the #1 known thing for increasing dopamine. Adderall, Dexedrine, Rililin,
I take L-tyrosine and it increases alertness, and some motivation, but irrtibility is not the best side effect.
Just a quick response......
fan
Posted by SLS on January 21, 2008, at 4:52:12
In reply to Re: corr. Dopamine for ADHD, posted by your#1fan on January 21, 2008, at 0:48:24
2 drugs that might produce an increase in presynaptic dopamine stores are MAOIs and Deplin.
- Scott
Posted by tensor on January 21, 2008, at 5:27:26
In reply to Re: corr. Dopamine for ADHD, posted by SLS on January 21, 2008, at 4:52:12
> 2 drugs that might produce an increase in presynaptic dopamine stores are MAOIs and Deplin.
While stimulants would empty these stores by releasing dopamine into the synaptic cleft, right?
/Mattias
Posted by ShawnThomas on January 21, 2008, at 12:34:21
In reply to Re: Dopamine what meds increase it? » Phillipa, posted by ShawnThomas on January 20, 2008, at 18:41:44
Below is my list of FDA approved drugs for psychiatric or neurological conditions that inhibit dopamine reuptake, affect dopamine receptors, or are amphetamines that can potentially increase extracellular levels of dopamine in multiple ways. I decided to leave out the weight loss drugs unless anyone really wants to know about them. First, however, I will mention three Parkinson's disease drugs that can be used to increase levels of dopamine in the brain. Levodopa is the immediate precursor to dopamine. Entacapone is a selective, reversible catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor that increases the bioavailability of levodopa. Entacapone does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Carbidopa is a peripheral aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) inhibitor. Carbidopa, which also does not cross the blood-brain barrier, is combined with levodopa to prevent its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.
Complete descriptions of the drugs' mechanisms of action and references for all the claims that I make here are available at http://www.neurotransmitter.net/drug_reference.html or http://www.neurotransmitter.net/parkinsons_drug_reference.html or http://www.neurotransmitter.net/migraine_drug_reference.html
*Drugs that inhibit dopamine reuptake:
Bupropion (Inhibits the dopamine transporter with low potency; a major active metabolite of bupropion, hydroxybupropion, is also a dopamine reuptake inhibitor)dexmethylphenidate
methylphenidate
pemoline (relevant at therapeutic concentrations???)
selegiline (weakly inhibits the reuptake of dopamine; however, the drug's primary metabolite, l-methamphetamine, is a more potent inhibitor of dopamine transporters. How relevant is this at therapeutic doses?)
sertraline (Zoloft; low potency dopamine reuptake inhibitor)
*Drugs that affect dopamine receptors:
amoxapine (D2, D4 antagonist)apomorphine (agonist at D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5 receptors)
aripiprazole (Depending on the cell type and function examined, aripiprazole is an agonist, partial agonist, or antagonist at D2 receptors. Likely to be a partial agonist at D3 receptors.)
bromocriptine (agonist at D2 and D3 receptors)
buspirone (Acts as an antagonist at D2 receptors, but its affinity for these receptors is 16-fold weaker than its affinity for serotonin 5-HT1A receptors.)
chlorpromazine (antagonist at D1 and D2 receptors as well as D3 and D4 receptors; may also be an inverse agonist at D2S receptors.)
clomipramine (binds to D2 and D3 receptors)
clozapine (low affinity inverse agonist at D2S receptors and a high affinity antagonist at D4 receptors)
dihydroergotamine (may also bind to D2 receptors)
fluphenazine (inverse agonist at D1, D2, D3, and D5 receptors; also binds with high affinity to D4 receptors)
haloperidol (an inverse agonist at D1, D2, D3, and D5 receptors; antagonist at D4 receptors)
loxapine (antagonist at D1, D2, and D3 receptors; also binds to D4 and D5 receptors)
molindone (antagonist at D2 and D3 receptors)
olanzapine (low potency antagonist at D1 receptors; inverse agonist at D2 receptors; antagonist at D3 and D4 receptors)
pergolide (agonist at D2 and D3 receptors; may also be a low potency agonist at D4 and D5 receptors)
perphenazine (potent D2 receptor antagonist; antagonist at D1, D3, and D4 receptors)
pramipexole (agonist at D2 and D3 receptors)
prochlorperazine (antagonist at D2 receptors; also binds to D3 and D4 receptors)
quetiapine (inverse agonist at D2 receptors)
risperidone (inverse agonist at D2 receptors; antagonist at D3 and D4 receptors)
ropinirole (agonist at D3 receptors and a very low potency agonist at D2 receptors)
thioridazine (binds to D2, D3, and D4 receptors)
thiothixene (binds to D2 receptors)
trifluoperazine (inverse agonist at D2 receptors; also binds with moderate affinity to D4 receptors)
trimipramine (high binding affinity for D2 receptors)
ziprasidone (antagonist at D2 receptors)
*Amphetamines:
dextroamphetamine sulfateAdderall (combination of dextroamphetamine saccharate; d,l-amphetamine aspartate monohydrate; dextroamphetamine sulfate; and d,l-amphetamine sulfate)
methamphetamine hydrochloride
Spot any errors or an FDA approved drug that I left out? Please let me know!
Shawn
Posted by Phillipa on January 21, 2008, at 18:20:38
In reply to Re: Dopamine what meds increase it? » Phillipa, posted by ShawnThomas on January 20, 2008, at 18:41:44
Shawn thanks for answering I realize this is the advanced board for meds but was wondering with all the talk of dopamine meds which common USA dopamine meds there were. Simple learning. Thanks Phillipa
Posted by Phillipa on January 21, 2008, at 18:28:10
In reply to Drugs that affect dopamine levels + receptors, posted by ShawnThomas on January 21, 2008, at 12:34:21
Boy you guys are smart. Scott somehow knew you would say nardil and deplin. But what I still don't get is how is an SSRI like zoloft a dopamine drug . Thought with a little difference they all were the same. Seems like the list includes a lot of antipsychotic and atypical ones. But then you add stimulants so still confused sorry. Love Phillipa
Posted by ShawnThomas on January 21, 2008, at 20:19:37
In reply to Re: Drugs that affect dopamine levels + receptors » ShawnThomas, posted by Phillipa on January 21, 2008, at 18:28:10
Some called SSRIs are actually SRIs; simply serotonin reuptake inhibitors that have other clinically relevant mechanisms of action. These would include Zoloft, Paxil, Prozac, and Fluvox in my opinion. This doesn't make a bit of sense to me either.
The meaning of the word stimulant depends on the context in which it is used. Eli Lilly claims that the drug atomoxetine (Strattera) is not a stimulant because it doesn't directly affect dopamine systems (i.e., the dopamine reuptake transporter or dopamine receptors). Some people would classify drugs that indirectly affect dopamine release as stimulants; caffeine is a good example. Unfortunately, lots of drugs indirectly affect dopamine release, and we cannot list them all. My list is basically meant to show you all the FDA approved drugs for psychiatric or neurological conditions that either A. directly lead to increased extracellular dopamine levels or increased dopamine release in the brain; B. inhibit the dopamine reuptake transporter; or C. directly affect dopamine receptors. If you consider the drugs that I did not say were antagonists or inverse agonists, then those could probably be considered stimulants that directly affect dopamine systems. Entacapone and carbidopa don't affect dopamine systems in the brain and are not stimulants. Of course, the antipsychotics are not simulants. I listed some of them as simply binding to dopamine receptors because I didn't have any evidence that they were antagonists, inverse agonists, and so on. Let me know if you want me to limit my list to stimulants. How do you define the word "stimulant?"
Shawn
Posted by ShawnThomas on January 21, 2008, at 20:21:37
In reply to Drugs that affect dopamine levels + receptors, posted by ShawnThomas on January 21, 2008, at 12:34:21
Sorry, I left some drugs out and listed the ones that I know of below. You can go to http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/
to find the prescribing inserts that I mention. That's a great web site that allows you to access all sorts of information about FDA approved drugs and drug approvals listed by month. Bookmark it today. Again, go to http://www.neurotransmitter.net/drug_reference.html for citations for the drugs that don't have a reference listed. I need to remember to update that page; I'll do it sometime this week.isocarboxazid (Marplan; irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B))
rotigotine (Neupro; agonist at D1, D2, and D3 receptors; see the prescribing label)
lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse; prodrug of dextroamphetamine; see the prescribing label)
paliperidone (Invega; antagonist at D2L, D2S, D3, and D4 receptors; see http://pubmed.gov/7520908)
phenelzine (Nardil; irreversible inhibitor of MAO-A and MAO-B; also inhibits GABA transaminase and alanine transaminase)
selegiline, which I mentioned previously, is also an irreversible inhibitor of MAO-A and MAO-B at antidepressant doses; it may also bind to alpha-2B-adrenoceptors (see the prescribing label).
tranylcypromine (Parnate; irreversible inhibitor of MAO-A and MAO-B)
Finally, the drug amantadine may increase dopamine release and dopamine reuptake, but I need to investigate this further before making any conclusions.
Shawn
Posted by ShawnThomas on January 21, 2008, at 21:01:31
In reply to Re: corr. Dopamine for ADHD, posted by SLS on January 21, 2008, at 4:52:12
Thanks for your support Scott; I appreciate your insights as well (response to a previous post). You bring up an interesting point about the MAOIs affecting presynaptic dopamine stores; I did not know that. I do love rare nuggets of drug knowledge :)
I could not find any evidence that Deplin (l-methylfolate) increases presynaptic dopamine stores or dopamine release. Please share you source.
Shawn
Posted by Phillipa on January 21, 2008, at 21:05:23
In reply to Re: Drugs that affect dopamine levels + receptors » Phillipa, posted by ShawnThomas on January 21, 2008, at 20:19:37
Shawn my definition would be an ADD or ADHD med or wellbutrin reved me up. When you wrote flu did you mean prozac or luvox? And for an anxious person would you recommend zoloft or luvox? I did take l0mg of paxil first ad with xanax and was laid out in the hammock for three months pdoc also added 25mg of lopressor as have hasimotos thyroiditis so tired all the time now and peri-menopause was always wired. Thanks for being so patient with me. You have no idea what this means to me. Thanks Phillipa
Posted by ShawnThomas on January 22, 2008, at 1:41:41
In reply to Re: Drugs that affect dopamine levels + receptors » ShawnThomas, posted by Phillipa on January 21, 2008, at 21:05:23
I meant to say fluvoxamine or Luvox. In any case, Fluvox is a valid synonym for fluvoxamine. I would not recommend Zoloft or Luvox as a first choice because I advise very cautious use of serotonin reuptake inhibitors. If you haven't had luck elsewhere and are down to those two, then I think that Zoloft would likely be the better choice if your pdoc agrees.
I admire anyone that tries to educate herself about her medical choices; the process is not easy and requires courage. I know that I use a lot of technical jargon, but my hope is that you can use a medical dictionary or ask questions in order to understand some of the basic concepts of neuropharmacology. Once you have the basics down, you can really begin to find a sense of empowerment in making more informed decisions to hopefully improve your life. This is complex stuff to digest, but confidence and motivation can help you to overcome the obstacles. Hopefully, we can work towards making important information in psychiatry more easily accessible for more people. Personally, I gain a lot from knowing what people find interesting about neurotransmitters and what they find confusing. Everyone benefits when we help one another in ways such as listing drugs that affect dopamine levels or receptors, so you're quite welcome Phillipa. Did you ask any questions that haven't been answered?
Shawn
Posted by Phillipa on January 22, 2008, at 19:37:28
In reply to Re: Drugs that affect dopamine levels + receptors » Phillipa, posted by ShawnThomas on January 22, 2008, at 1:41:41
Shawn well I think now why do you not favor SSRI's and which would be your favorite for a person who started with panic attacks an age of 24 functioned fine til menopause , thyroid hasimostos then too and very tired during the day and older 61 almost 62? Love Phillipa
Posted by SLS on January 23, 2008, at 6:36:23
In reply to Re: corr. Dopamine for ADHD » SLS, posted by ShawnThomas on January 21, 2008, at 21:01:31
Hi Shawn.
> I could not find any evidence that Deplin (l-methylfolate) increases presynaptic dopamine stores or dopamine release. Please share you source.
http://www.deplin.com/HealthcareProfessionals,Action
I haven't reviewed PubMed yet. I might change over to Cerefolin. It has less L-methylfolate and adds things that foster antioxidant activity and prevents B12 depletion:
N-acetylcysteine (NAC)
methylcobalaminCan you give me any insights regarding these two substances?
To be honest, flatulence is a problem with Deplin. I guess I could try cutting the Deplin tablets in half.
Thanks.
Your website blows my mind.
Be Well.
- Scott
Posted by ShawnThomas on January 23, 2008, at 18:29:05
In reply to Re: corr. Dopamine for ADHD » ShawnThomas, posted by SLS on January 23, 2008, at 6:36:23
Thanks Scott. The page that you gave me cited an article by Bottiglieri (http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0278584605002174), but the proper article to cite was probably another by the same author: http://jnnp.bmj.com/cgi/reprint/69/2/228
The makers of Deplin should find more evidence to supplement the correlations that are the ultimate justification for their claims about "triple-action monoamamine synthesis." Usually, correlations drawn from clinical trials are not used to determine a substance's mechanisms of action in the brain. I'm a bit skeptical here, but their claim is plausible.
Shawn
Posted by Phillipa on January 23, 2008, at 19:03:18
In reply to Re: corr. Dopamine for ADHD » ShawnThomas, posted by SLS on January 23, 2008, at 6:36:23
Scott no flatulance for me are you switching or thinking of switching because of mood stabalizers too? Phillipa sure you've read this but her it is anyway.
Package Insert
Cerefolin®NAC Caplets
A medical food for the dietary management of neurovascular oxidative stress and/or hyperhomocysteinemia.Description
Each oval coated blue colored caplet contains:Dietary Ingredients:
L-methylfolate [6(S)-5-MTHF] (Metafolin®) 5.6 mg
Methylcobalamin 2 mg
N-acetylcysteine 600 mgOther Ingredients:
Microcrystalline Cellulose, Opadry tm Blue 07F90856 (Hypromellose, Talc, Titanium Dioxide, Polyethylene Glycol, FD&C Blue #2-Aluminum Lake, Saccharin Sodium), Magnesium Stearate (Vegetable Source).Cerefolin®NAC caplets do not contain sugar, lactose, yeast or gluten.
Indication and Usage
Cerefolin®NAC caplets are indicated for the distinct nutritional requirements of individuals under a physician's treatment for neurovascular oxidative stress6 8 9 and/or hyperhomocysteinemia;7 with particular emphasis for those individuals diagnosed with or at risk for mild to moderate cognitive impairment1 5, vascular dementia,2 4 5 Alzheimer's disease3 4 5 8 and/or recurrent or ischemic stroke.13 14Pharmacology
L-methylfolate
L-methylfolate or 6(S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolate [6(S)-5-MTHF], is the primary biologically active isomer of folate and the form of folate in circulation. It is also the form which is transported across membranes into peripheral tissues, particularly across the blood brain barrier. In the cell, 6(S)-5-MTHF is used in the methylation of homocysteine to form methionine and tetrahydrofolate (THF). THF is the immediate acceptor of one carbon units for the synthesis of thymidine-DNA, purines (RNA and DNA) and methionine. About 70% of food folate and cellular folate is comprised of 6(S)-5-MTHF. Folic acid, the synthetic form of folate, must undergo enzymatic reduction by methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) to become biologically active. Genetic mutations of MTHFR result in a cell's inability to convert folic acid to 6(S)-5-MTHF.
Methylcobalamin
Methylcobalamin (Methyl-B12) is one of two forms of biologically active vitamin B12. Methyl-B12 is the principal form of circulating vitamin B12, hence the form which is transported into peripheral tissue. Methyl-B12 is absorbed by a specific intestinal mechanism which uses intrinsic factor and by a diffusion process in which approximately 1% of the ingested dose is absorbed. Cyanocobalamin and hydroxycobalamin are forms of the vitamin that require conversion to Methyl-B12 via the intermediate glutathionyl-B12.
N-acetylcysteine
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a precursor to glutathione (GSH) one of the body's most potent natural antioxidants. NAC is converted to GSH intracellularly. The presence of appropriate amounts of intracellular GSH helps to maintain the ability of the neurovascular tissue to metabolize vitamin B12 and to reduce or eliminate oxidative stress in these tissues. NAC significantly lowers plasma homocysteine concentrations 7 11 and increases total antioxidant capacity (TAC)12, thus correcting the characteristic pattern of changes in cognitively impaired patients with hyperhomocysteinemia 4 5 6.
Precautions
Folates, when administered as a single agent in doses above 0.1mg daily, may obscure pernicious anemia in that hematologic remission can occur while neurological manifestations remain progressive. The 2 mg of methylcobalamin contained in Cerefolin®NAC provides an adequate amount of methylcobalamin to address this possibility10. NAC should be avoided by nursing mothers. NAC clearance is reduced in those with chronic liver disease as well as in pre-term newborns. Headaches may be intensified in those taking NAC and nitrates for the treatment of angina. While the incidence of renal stones is low, those that do form renal stones, particularly cysteine stones should avoid Cerefolin®NAC. Do not administer Cerefolin®NAC to critically ill patients. NAC and its sulfhydryl metabolites could produce a false-positive result in the nitroprusside test for ketone bodies used in diabetes. Cerefolin®NAC should be used with caution in those with a history of peptic ulcer disease since NAC may disrupt the gastric mucosal barrier.Adverse Reactions
While allergic sensitization has been reported following both oral and parenteral administration of folic acid, allergic sensitization has not been reported with the use of Metafolin®. Mild transient diarrhea, polycythemia vera, itching, transitory exanthema and the feeling of swelling of the entire body have been associated with methylcobalamin. Nausea, vomiting, headache, other gastrointestinal symptoms, and rash (with or without mild fever) have been associated with NAC. There are rare reports of renal stone formation with NAC.Contraindications
Known hypersensitivity to any of the components in the product is a contraindication.Drug Interactions
Anticonvulsants (carbamazepine, fosphenytoin, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone valproic acid) may cause decreased serum folate levels, while high doses of folates may result in decreased serum levels of these drugs. Concomitant use of either cholestyramine, sulfasalazine, or colestipol and folate may cause decreased absorption of folate. Colchicine can depress blood folate levels. Large therapeutic doses of NSAIDS may exert antifolate activity. Phenytoin may decrease serum folate levels and negatively affect folate status. High doses of folate may cause a decrease in serum phenytoin levels. High doses of folate and pyrimethamine may cause a pharmacodynamic antagonism of the antiparasitic effect of pyrimethamine. Antibiotics may alter the intestinal microflora and may decrease the absorption of methylcobalamin. Cholestyramine, colchicines or colestipol may decrease the enterohepatic reabsorption of methylcobalamin. Metformin, para-aminosalicylic acid and potassium chloride may decrease the absorption of methylcobalamin. Nitrous oxide can produce a functional methylcobalamin deficiency. NAC along with nitrates may cause headaches. Use of NAC with carbamazepine may cause reduced serum levels of carbamazepine. Capecitabine (Xeloda®) toxicity may increase with the addition of leucovorin (5-formyltetrahydrofolate) (folate).Patient Information
Cerefolin®NAC is a medical food for use only under the direction and supervision of a licensed physician.Dosage and Administration
Usual adult dose is one caplet daily or as directed by a physician. Cerefolin®NAC is not recommended for use with children under the age of twelve.How Supplied
Available as an oval coated blue colored caplet. Debossed with "PAL" on one side and "600" on the other. Commercial product is supplied in bottles of 90 or 500 caplets. Sample product is supplied in a carton containing five blisters with one caplet in each blister.Storage
Store at controlled room temperature 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F) (See USP). Protect from light and moisture. Dispense commercial product (90 caplets) in original light-resistant container. Dispense sample product in original blister.Commercial Product (90 caplets) 0525-0510-90 Rx Only
Commercial Product (500 caplets) 0525-0510-50 Rx Only
Sample Product (5 caplets) 0525-0510-05 Professional Samples - Not for sale.Patents
Some or all of the following patents may apply:U.S. Patent No. 4,940,658 U.S. Patent No. 6,207,651
U.S. Patent No. 5,563,126 U.S. Patent No. 6,254,904
U.S. Patent No. 5,795,873 U.S. Patent No. 6,297,224
U.S. Patent No. 5,997,915 U.S. Patent No. 6,528,496
U.S. Patent No. 6,011,040and other pending patent applications.
References
1 Lehmann M, Regland B, Blennow K, and Gottfries CG: Vitamin B12-B6-Folate Treatment Improves Blood-Brain Barrier Function in Patients with Hyperhomocysteinaemia and Mild Cognitive Impairment. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 2003;16:145-150.2 Nilsson K, Gustafson L, and Hultberg B: Improvement of cognitive functions after cobalamin/folate supplementation in elderly patients with dementia and elevated plasma homocysteine. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2001;16:609-614.
3 Seshadri S, Beiser A, Selhub J, Jacques PF, Rosenberg IH, D'Agostino RB, Wilson PWF, and Wolf PA: Plasma Homocysteine As A Risk Factor For Dementia And Alzheimer's Disease. New England Journal of Medicine 2002:Vol346, No. 7:476-483.
4 McCaddon A and Davies G: Co-administration of N-acetylcysteine, vitamin B12 and folate in cognitively impaired hyperhomocysteinaemic patients. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2005;20(10):998-1000.
5 McCaddon A and Davies G: Clinical effects of co-administering N-acetylcysteine, vitamin B12 and folate in cognitively impaired hyperhomocysteinaemic patients. Haematologica Reports 2005:1(3):49-50. Poster presentation at the 5th Homocysteine Conference in Milan, Italy June 26th - June 30th 2005.
6 Guidi I, Galimberti D, Lonati S, Novembrino C, Bamonti F, Tiriticco M, Fenoglio C, Venturelli E, Baron P, Bresolin N and Scarpini E: Oxidative imbalance in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of Aging 2006;27(2):262-269.
7 Wiklund O, Fager G, Andersson A, Lundstam U, Masson P and Hultberg B: N-acetylcysteine treatment lowers plasma homocysteine but not serum lipoprotein(a) levels. Atherosclerosis 119 (1996) 99-106.
8 Adair JC, Knoefel JE and Morgan N: Controlled trial of N-acetylcysteine for patients with probable Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 2001;57:1515-1517.
9 Boyd-Kimball D, Sultana R, Abdul HM and Butterfield DA: Gamma-Glutamylcysteine Ethyl Ester-Induced Up-Regulation of Glutathione Protects Neurons Against Aß (1-42)-Mediated Oxidative Stress and Neurotoxicity: Implications for Alzheimer's Disease. Journal of Neuroscience Research 2005;79:700-706.
10 Kuzminski AM, Del Giacco EJ, Allen RH, et al. : Effective Treatment Of Cobalamin Deficiency With Oral Cobalamin. Blood 1998; 92:1191-1198.
11 Hultberg, B., Andersson, A., Masson, P., Larson, M., and Tunek, A. Plasma Homocysteine and Thiol Compound Fractions After Oral Administration of N-acetylcysteine. Scand.J.Clin.Lab Invest 1994;54(6):417-22.
12 Ventura, P., Panini, R., Abbati, G., Marchetti, G., and Salvioli, G. Urinary and Plasma Homocysteine and Cysteine Levels During Prolonged Oral N-acetylcysteine Therapy. Pharmacology 2003;68(2):105-14.
13 Boysen, G., Brander, T., Christensen, H., Gideon, R., and Truelsen, T. Homocysteine and Risk of Recurrent Stroke. Stroke 2003;34:1258-1261.
14 Tanne, D., Haim, M., Goldbourt, U., Boyko, V., Doolman, R., Adler, Y., Brunner, D., Behar, S., and Sela, B-A. Prospective Study of Serum Homocysteine and Risk of Ischemic Stroke Among Patients With Preexisting Coronary Heart Disease. Stroke 2003;34:632-636.
Metafolin® is a registered trademark of Merck KGaA, Germany. Certain rights to Cerefolin®NAC were granted under a license from COBALZ Limited, Chester, United Kingdom, CH1 1NZ.
Manufactured For
PAMLAB, L.L.C. Covington, LA 70433
Revised 9/06
PC-
Posted by Phillipa on January 23, 2008, at 19:06:20
In reply to Re: corr. Dopamine for ADHD » SLS, posted by Phillipa on January 23, 2008, at 19:03:18
So this one prevents B12 deficiency? So that means it's safer and no threat of pernicious anemia? Love Phillipa
Posted by SLS on January 27, 2008, at 6:36:29
In reply to Re: corr. Dopamine for ADHD » SLS, posted by Phillipa on January 23, 2008, at 19:03:18
Dear Phillipa,
Thanks so much for posting the PI.
I am continuing with Deplin until I reach a relative improvement of at least 50%, whereupon I will try to remove the Deplin to see if it continues to be an important component of my treatment. Things are going pretty well right now. I am sustaining an improvement that ranges from 25% to 30% over baseline.
Thanks for caring.
Give Deplin at least two months for it to work. Experiencing a transient improvement during the first week might prognosticate a future robust response rather than poop-out.
- Scott
Posted by Phillipa on January 27, 2008, at 20:02:07
In reply to Re: corr. Dopamine for ADHD, posted by Phillipa on January 23, 2008, at 19:06:20
Scott you're welcome and am continuing it. Love Phillipa/Jan whatever
This is the end of the thread.
Psycho-Babble Neurotransmitters | Extras | FAQ
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